Halloween writing paper: April 2020

Zanzibar Commission For Tourism Tourism Essay Essay 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism Under that Act ZCT is responsible with many maps including licensing ( operation ) of all the tourer constitution in Zanzibar, Monitoring and supervising of the Zanzibar tourer, Helping possible investors, etc ( ZCT, 1992 ) 1.2 Mission Zanzibar Commission of Tourism ( ZCT ) on sing the development touristry in Zanzibar has the mission to be the most interesting, assorted island targeted in the Indian Ocean constituency that will be more interesting in the universe. Harmonizing to that mission ZCT combines assorted types of touristry such as: Culture A ; Tradition, Performing Humanistic disciplines, History A ; Archaeology, Beaches, Culinary ( spices ) , Medical ( herbs ) , etc ( ZTPS, n/d ) 1.3 Introduction and background of the job We will write a custom essay sample on Zanzibar Commission For Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zanzibar Commission For Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zanzibar Commission For Tourism Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to last in today s concern environment, in little companies, particulaly Small and Medium Enterprises ( SMEs ) in touristry industry utilize advanced techniques as a footing of competitory advantage. At the minute globalized universe, SMEs have turn out to be more imperative for developed and developing states since they produced high per centums of overall production, employment and gross aggregation to the authorities. The most of import and the greatest turning sectors of the overall economic system, touristry in Zanzibar contains many SMEs that make an attempt to be making good in aggressive and rapidly altering concern state of affairs. SMEs play a critical function non merely in national trade but besides in international trade. The old information from different beginnings such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) shows SMEs in many states account for a really significant proportion on local and export market ( Knight, 2001 ) . Porter ( 1991 ) argues that in order for any industry to vie within the concern environment, it has to follow competitory advantage scheme, so the proprietors and interest holders should be able to place their rivals. The competitory advantages for any organisation are superior accomplishments and resources. Therefore any beginning of advantage is like a drivers of cost or distinction advantages. ( Porter, 1985 ) . Like any SMEs, in order for touristry SMEs to last in competitory concern environment, SMEs should be more enterpriser and advanced, it means that should execute good in dynamic locations and non in regulated markets. SMEs could hold low public presentation and unstable environments due to detain of merchandise inventions, the working operation was non aggressives even throw the enterprenuership could be benefited in assorted ways but does non supply a sustainable competitory advantages. ( Hult and Ketchen, 2001 ) . Above all, the invention, publicity, lowering of the monetary value, distinction, creativeness, all these can non be performed good without the acceptance of ICT ( Kotler and Armstrong,2008 ) . Indeed, the nature of any industry can non vie with its rival to convey the superior value to their clients without the appropriate acceptance of ICT. ICT is regarded as the chief force of sustainable competitory advantage and a strategic arm particularly in the touristry and cordial reception industries ( Poon, 1993 ) . By and large, most of the touristry industry should be good equipped with ICT, which include wireless, telecasting, every bit good as newer digital engineerings such as computin g machines and the Internet, have been touted as potentially powerful enabling tools for touristry alteration and reform. These alterations and reforms include services such as e-commerce, e-booking, e-reservation and non merely that ICT ease the information processing system. In order to last strong competition and current economic crisis in the part, SMEs involved in hotel industry have to better the quality of its services. What is the function of touristry SMEs in the procedure in order to derive client s satisfaction through service quality and concern betterment? It is by and large accepted that ICT is a modern instrumental tool that enables the SMEs enterprisers to modify their touristry methods. It is used in order to increase the tourist involvement. The drawn-out usage of ICTs drove the society into a new cognition based signifier where information plays an of import function for the SMEs every bit good as tourer satisfaction. In Zanzibar there is a important research spread on little touristry concern and failure to place critical failing of little and average sized touristry endeavors. A figure of surveies on touristry have been conducted, nevertheless really small has been studied about touristry SMEs and peculiarly how these SMEs engaged in following ICTs for more productiveness and overall entire economic growing of the Zanzibar.The demand to set about a thorough touristry analysis in Zanzibar has been realized late. For illustration, It is of import to hold a database on touristry development if, pupils, policy analysts, contrivers, determination shapers and enterprisers to be up to day of the month with thrust of touristry industry.As a big figure of touristry SME s are involved in the bringing of touristry merchandises and that they are besides possible for future development of touristry is a demand to transport out surveies that might demo how little and average touristry concern develop, map, be havior concern and how they contribute to local and national economic development. Zanzibar has many tourer attractive forces and contributes high per centum of economic system of the state and that the touristry sector is dominated by SME s. However there is a continued absence of surveies on little touristry houses, therefore it is of import to make research on touristry SMEs. 1.4 Statement of the job There are different sorts of ICTs used in touristry activities such as e-reservation, tele- and video-conferencing and e-booking tools. The extent into how these merchandises services are used by the SMEs involved in Zanzibar and their possible to better the sector has non been explore plenty. Challenges confronting these SMEs in application of ICT are non known and countries for betterment have non been investigated. Given the mounting planetary demand on use of ICTs in touristry, there is hence a demand to look at the impact of ICTs application on SMEs engaged in touristry sector in Zanzibar. This survey is larning to turn to the issued. 1.5 Aim of the research To analyze /explore the function and usage of Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) in heightening the fight advantages of Small and Medium Enterprises ( SME s ) in Zanzibar Tourism operation. 1.6 Research aims The chief aim of this survey is significantly examined how ICT aid to make competitory advantage in touristry sector in Zanzibar. Not merely that but besides to place restraints confronting SMEs utilizing ICT. Specific aims: To analyze the consciousness and the extent of ICT use in Zanzibar touristry SMEs sector To place restraints and chances of ICT use in touristry sector in Zanzibar To happen out solution options to get the better of the defect of the ICT use in touristry SMEs in Zanzibar 1.7 Research inquiries For the intent of run intoing the above aims, the survey comes up with the undermentioned inquiries: How make Zanzibar touristry SMEs cognizant and use the ICT in their concern? How make Zanzibar SMEs perceive profitableness and public presentation of their concern in relation to utilize of ICT in their concern? What measures have been taken to work out the jobs of deficiency of usage of ICT? 1.8 Scope of the survey This survey was conducted to look into how use of ICT and its application in sectors, involved in touristry industry could assist the manner concern is run and therefore contribute increased efficiency and effectivity. Due to the clip restraint this survey covered the portion of Zanzibar Islands which is Stone town and the part of North East Coast zones which includes Kiwengwa small town, Matemwe small town and Nungwi small town because this country is more active in touristry activities in Zanzibar. 1.9 Significance of the survey This survey intends to unwrap the influence of the ICT as a competitory advantage scheme that can be applied in SMEs in the touristry industry. The survey is expected to be of much value to a figure of peoples and organisation as follows: The consequences obtained from this survey will supply some recommendation to the Governing Authority, which is expected to convey penetrations into Zanzibar s SMEs on how ICTs use can convey competitory advantages against their rivals so as to speed up economic growing of Zanzibar. It will assist the policy shapers of the state to appreciate the deductions on ICT in SMEs in touristry to increase the quality of services in cordial reception industry. The research will supply sufficient information to be used as a mention on this country of the survey and to carry through the demand for the Degree of Master of Business Administration in Information Technology Management in Coventry University. 1.10 Restrictions of the survey Some informations are confidential so it was hard to acquire the current information. Fiscal restraints, so it could be hard for a research worker to cover all the Zanzibar parts due to fiscal restraints. 1.11 Summary of the chapter This chapter was introduced the debut of the survey, the debut of Zanzibar Commission for Tourism ( ZCT ) was done under this chapter where all services offered were summarized and the mission statement of ZCT were besides started. Besides in this chapter the research worker discussed something about the purpose of the research, research aims, research inquiry and statement of the jobs. Not merely that but besides the research worker briefly discussed the significance of the survey, range of the survey and restriction of the survey. Chapter TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This portion provides definition of the of import footings and constructs which are used in this survey including ICT in touristry sectors, the conceptual frame work of this survey, the public presentation of touristry in SME s, and the chance and challenges of touristry in Zanzibar. 2.2 Definitions of the footings and constructs 2.2.1 Small and Medium sized Enterprises ( SMEs ) Morrison ( 1996 ) argues that it is hard to specify the term SMEs because there are no cosmopolitan standards that can be used to find the size of the concern, as a consequence, Olomi ( 2009 ) noted that although the SMEs all over the universe contribute a major function in societal development, its definition varies from one state to another and even from one establishment to another in the same state. An endeavor may be perceived as little in footings of physical installations, production/service capacity, market portion, and figure of employee. Olomi ( 2009 ) cited that, the United States Agency for International Development-USAID ( 1993 ) , suggested that SMEs can be defined by sing combination of both qualitative and quantitative standards and should include one among the facets such as figure of employee, capital investing, portion capital, figure of portion holders, figure of stakeholders, entire plus, turnover, market portion, geographical market coverage, organisational comp lexness, composing of direction and grade of formalisation. In Tanzania, the SMEs Development Policy ( 2002 ) classifies SMEs under the consideration of employment size and capital investing of the organisation. A micro-enterprise is one with fewer than five employees, a little endeavor with 5-49 employees, a medium endeavor with 50-99 employees and a big endeavor with more than 100 employees. In contrast with the Capital investings the definition was based at the scope from less than Tshs 5 million to over Tshs 800 million. For the intent of this research, the Tanzania SMEs Development Policy of ( 2002 ) definition will be adopted because it is based on the local environment of Tanzania, where SMEs are characterized by household ownership and local country of operation, which is non the instance to other states. This illustrated in the tabular array below: Table: 1 Class of SMEs in Tanzania Class Employees Capital investing in machinery Thyrotropin Micro endeavor 1-4 Up to 5mil Small endeavor 5-49 Above 5mil to 200mil Medium endeavor 50-99 Above 200 to 800mil Large endeavor 100+ Above 800mil Beginning: SMEs development policy ( 2002 ) Accordind to Zanzibar Youth Employment Action Plan. ( 2007 ) , Zanzibar has a big informal sector operation where more than 80 per centum of the work force is believed to be engaged in. Majority of the constitutions in the informal sector are micro, ain history or using less than 5 people. This state of affairs is linked to low accomplishments base as a consequence of limited chances for accomplishments developing, working capital and unequal support for off-farm activities in rural countries. From a gender position, adult females have low engagement rates and fewer accomplishments than work forces. Women history for merely 19 per centum of entire employees compared to 81 per centum for work forces in this sector. This sector is dominated by private persons through 1,541 registered concerns in 2002. Out of this figure, merely 6 % employs more than 10 people while 79 % of the industry employs less than 20 people and merely 3 % of registered industry employs more than 100 people ( SME Policy, 2006 ) . The potency is still there for more employment chances particularly to out of school young persons and those from different vocational preparation centres. The Zanzibar SME policy ( 2006 ) is taking at developing and making contributing environment through engagement of public and private sector for the intent of increasing employment proviso, income coevals and poorness decrease. The policy and the MKUZA purpose at increasing occupation chances through SMEs. SMEs are of import to the national economic, but they are confronting a figure of jobs, both administrative and fiscal and therefore neglect to lend to the full in employment creative activity. Apart from the SMEs sector, Zanzibar has a little fabrication sector. Manufacturing sector in general is at infant phase and has non been to the full exploited to its maximal possible to increase its part to the economic system and public assistance of the people. There is a broad potency for investors to come in, put in large industries and thereby generates employment on the young person. The importance of fabrication sector in footings of employment creative activity and development of linkages with the remainder of economic system is good understood. Employment chances that exist in fabricating take into consideration its linkages with agribusiness, touristry, and trade. Other chances that could be generated include those from agro-processing, production of keepsakes, transit, and other new activities that will run into demands of touristry and trade. 2.2.2. Importance of Small and Medium Enterprises ( SME s ) There are many benefits that obtained from SME s in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operation forexample there will be about 1.7 1000000s concern engaging, in micro endeavors operation which is about 3million individuals that will be approximately 20 % of Tanzanian labor force ( URT,2003 ) The SME s was be the labour intensive by making the employment chance at different degree of investment.The appraisal will be shown as approximately 700,000 new entrants in every twelvemonth as a labour force, non merely that approximately 500,000 of it are school departers with few accomplishments, while the employment tendency in public sector will demo about 40,000 are the new entrants and about 660,000 remained to be unemployed ( URT,2003 ) as cited in Temba ( n/d ) Harmonizing to that the tendency will be shown in Tanzania will be characterised by low rate of capital formation and usually the SME s will be given to be more effectual in the use of employment state of affairs in the state ( URT,2003 ) as cited in Temba ( n/d ) The development of SME s will advance the distribution of economic activities within the state and boster the engineering in easierst manner, this is because due to take down operating expenses and fixed costs in their normally operation, therefore the proprietors of SME s must be tend to demo the greater resiliency in the face of recession by keeping their concern ( URT,2003 ) 2.2.3 Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) The literature shows that there is no universally accepted definition of ICT, because the constructs, methods and applications involved in ICT are invariably germinating on an about day-to-day footing. Blurton ( 2002 ) as cited in Badnjevic and Padukova ( 2006 ) defines ICT as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to pass on, and to make, circulate, shop, and manage information. Kumar ( 2001 ) claimed that ICT is the survey, design, development, execution, support, or direction of computer-based information systems, peculiarly package applications and computing machine hardware. ICT trades with the usage of electronic computing machines and computing machine package to change over, shop, protect, procedure, transmit, and firmly retrieve information. 2.2.4 The acceptance of ICT by SMEs: Obviously, ICTs are more than computing machine or internet even though they focuse on concern technology.Therefore ICTs include the package and hardware telecommunicaton and information direction techniques, besides the ICT can be used to creates, receive, retrives and distribute/ transform information in a broad scope. ( Porter and Millar, 1985, Brady et al,2002 ) SME s in touristry operation are of import tools on part of the economic system in the state in particulaly ICT has more effectual usage and better place of working public presentation and quickly alter the new engineerings and creates the touristry organisation in more competitory. ( Hartigan, 2005 ) In recent old ages, SMEs have acquired direct entree to digital engineerings for single undertaking development.In old this chance merely for big companies to utilize computer science and communicating capablenesss to organize their work. On the other manus, ICT reduced the outgo on cost ingestion and better the public presentation in organisation due to certain sorts of communications and coordination can happen. ( Summut-Bonnii and McGee, 2002 ) . ( Ragaswamy and Lilien, 1997 ) .On the concern today their was certain alterations that planetary mutualities are going more critical therefore, companies/organization realized they need to take advantage of ICT capablenesss for bettering their fight and productiveness. 2.2.5 ICT and SME fight The presence of ICT and utilize it could take to increase the fight of SME s due the faster and more painstaking communicating channel, it means the usage of ICT has increase the fight of SME s besides enables the constitution of lissomeness associated with different merchandising spouses due to more consistence of channel of communicating. In add-on the additions of the biggest endeavors it comes through introduced of ICT in many organisations and adapt quicker to altering operational conditions. For that ground the aggressive compensation of SME s possibly will turn down. Normally well-built endeavors non relay comfy information as SME s ; therefore the realistic determination is non complimentary if needed appropriate information. However SME s contain the betterment of slighter interior harmonisation outgo as each and every one declaration is completed by a little figure of appraisal shapers. ( Raymond 1993, Muller-Falcke 2001 ) The economic systems of extent can be condensed due to take downing the operational outgo with the presences of ICT, peculiarly internet proctor the endeavors state of affairs for appropriate information to obtain the demanding information refering Sellerss, purchasers and clients that was absent of accomplish. In add-on bringing of goods, financess transmittal and banking system installations are dependable, this will enables SME s to be expanded regionally and internationally. Finally most of the SME s are located in outside the town countries due to competition of larger endeavors, transit and communicating costs that, ICT might increases the competition for endeavors and becomes more effectivelly and productiveness or the endeavors to be near down. ( Annual Forum at Misty Hills, Muldersdrift ( 2001 ) ) 2.2.6 ICT as a concern tools The usage of Information, Communication and Technology is really of import in current concern operations. Entrepreneurs need to understand the market state of affairs before making any concern and the preferable types of merchandises at peculiar clip. This cognition can be sought through ICT system. The usage of media is of import in advertisement and advancing concern inside and outside the state. The available public and private media establishments can be utilized to publicise the available potency of merchandises and services undertaken by young person and others. ( Zanzibar youth Employment Action Plan, 2007 ) . ICT is engineering s version of economic growing, to fulfill the demands and wants of the community over clip. Organizations are forced to set and take advantage of the chances provided by ICT in order to remain competitory. Businesss that do non take advantage of the ICT will run the hazard of losing clients and their competitory advantage ( Sharma, 2002 ) . Some of the maps that engineering has impacted are information hunt, advertisement, consumer purchasing forms and behaviours ( Hanson, 2000 ) . On a planetary graduated table, all industries have been affected by the outgrowth and execution of technological progresss. All above, ICT can be employed to give users speedy entree to thoughts and experiences from a broad scope of people, communities and civilizations. The positive impacts of ICT can be seen in the undermentioned facets: Economic impacts: ICT, in combination with globalisation and the information rebellion have reshaped the employees. By raising the impulse of international communicating, ICT has enabled corporations to farm out occupations, both in the industrialized every bit good as professional sector ( Lippis, 2007 ) . Social impacts: ICT has influenced societies on legion degrees. They have comprehensive the contact of public disposal, taking to a centralisation of territory disposal into metropolis Centre. They have lead to new signifiers of employment in invention and production of ICT and a stipulate for extremely complete specializers. On the other manus, ICT has enabled professionals in certain industries to be replaced by unqualified human resources, or even completed entirely excess. Raising productiveness: Investing in ICT can hold a powerful consequence on productiveness in about every industry, driving invention, cutting costs, and opening up new chances. ICT can hike net incomes, assist little houses overcome restrictions of size, and enable even little endeavors to set up a planetary presence. However, to take full advantage of the chances of ICT, we need to develop the accomplishments of our work force at every degree, from front-line staff to senior direction. In summing up, ICT has the possible to alter the touristry SMEs in bettering the productiveness at a lower cost and to raise the quality of information. It contributes to do the touristry incursion around the Earth. In today s universe, people want to happen the appropriate tourer finish, engagement and purchasing air hose ticket, cheque in and acquiring get oning base on balls when they are sited at their place or working topographic point. All these can be done with the support of ICT. 2.2.7 Tourism Holloway ( 2004 ) defines Tourism as the concern of supplying for different types of visitants ; overnight or longer stay and twenty-four hours visitants and includes adjustment, auto parking, amusement and attractive forces, nutrient and drinks. Harmonizing to Beech and Chadwick ( 2006 ) , the widely recognized modern definition of touristry is that given by the World Tourism organisation ( WTO ) which describes as the activities of individuals going to and remaining in topographic points outside their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, concern or other intents. In touristry sector, assorted travel operators, hotels, eating houses and travel bureaus have been active in development of Internet and e-commerce. The Internet allows travelers to entree and urge the touristry information straight every bit good as, reviews the local touristry information, this was done antecedently through the physical offices of big travel bureaus. Therefore most of Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) capture the compensation of direct discounted gross revenues of air hose tickets and travel bundles, due to both online/offline bureaus have shifted on selling leisure merchandises involve high operating disbursals. Given that Internet and others travel bureaus allow the client to do comparings in a monetary value of air tickets and other services of the online travelers ( OECD, 2004 ) 2.2.8 The competitory advantage Porter ( 1985 ) positions that a competitory advantage is an advantages over rival gained by offering consumer greater value than rivals offer. His position on competitory advantages is at the bosom of a house s public presentation in competitory market. He argued that a house s ability to surpass its rivals lay in its ability to interpret its competitory scheme into competitory advantages. Kotler and Armstrong ( 2008 ) suggested an advantage that firmsA hasA over its rivals, the manner of edifice relationship with targeted client, understanding their demands better than rivals do and present more clients value. That is it is the extent a company can distinguish and place itself as supplying superior client value. The competitory advantage is a manner of giving a company an border over its challengers and an ability to bring forth greater value for the house and its stockholders. The more sustainable the competitory advantage, the more hard for rivals to neutralize the advantage ( Walker et al, 2006 ) 2.3 Performance of Tourism SME s 2.3.1 Trade, industry and touristry Zanzibar Povery Reduction Policy Report ( 2003 ) has the wide aim of this sector in order to make a competitory fabrication and trading sector, which is geared towards for economic variegation in order to finally alleviate poorness. The sector is aimed to supply chance for farther engagement of the private sector. The cardinal end is to fit and ease this sector in constructing its capacity, create better working environment and institute legal and institutional model for the sweetening and enlargement of its activities. The tools to be used are the National Trade policy, Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises ( SMEs ) and Private Sector Involvement and Development. Zanzibar has a strong finding to develop touristry as an economic sector to supply foreign exchange net incomes, making employment chances, excite local economic system and diversify the economic system. On the other side most of the tourer ushers and/or RoGZ believes that on development of touristry factors, touristry is a critical socio economic that take part efficaciously and successfully in order to pull off their life and to be more development. This can be implemented through the Zanzibar National Tourism Policy and the Indicative Tourism Master Plan. Since the origin of the ZIPA in 1991, the investing procedure has been really positive and progressive. Statisticss shows that by the terminal of 2002, ZIPA had approved about 242 undertakings with a sum proposed investing value of USD 403 million. Tourism sector takes the king of beasts portion with 70 % of entire undertakings with proposed capital of USD 313.8 million. In 1985, the figure of tourers who visited Zanzibar was 19,368 ; while the figure of tourers has reached in the scope between 85,000 and 100,000 yearly. In 2001 Zanzibar earned about US $ 46 million in forex from international touristry, this histories for about 15 % of the GDP. This part is projected to increase to around $ 116 million and 21 % of the GDP by 2012. ( Zanzibar Povery Decrease Policy Report, 2003 ) 2.3.2 Contribution to GDP Tourism already makes a important part to the economic system of Zanzibar. It is provisionally estimated that the sector accounted for about 14 % of GDP in 2001, with 12 % for Tanzania as a whole. This part is projected to increase to around 21 % by 2012. ( Indicative touristry maestro program,2003 ) 2.3.3 Foreign exchange net incomes Harmonizing to the preliminary consequences of the International Visitor Exit Survey Zanzibar earned some $ 46 million from the disbursement of International tourers in 2001. To this must be added an allowance for the disbursement of tourers going to Zanzibar on internal flights ( who are non soon covered by the official statistics ) . This raises entire visitant outgo to $ 55 million in 2001. Leting for the imports from foreign states that are utilized by the touristry sector, net foreign exchange net incomes from touristry are estimated at $ 46 million in 2001. This figure is projected to increase to some $ 116 million by 2012. Even leting for escapes on imports, it is clear that touristry is a most of import beginnings of foreign exchange, and helps well to countervail the trade shortage which widened from $ 51 million in 1997 to $ 86 million in 2000, cut downing to an estimated $ 50 million in 2001. ( Indicative touristry maestro program concluding report,2003 ) 2.3.4 Contribution to employment Harmonizing to ( Indicative touristry maestro program concluding report,2003 ) , there exists no official informations on the employment generated by the touristry sector, it is estimated that presently some 5,800 individuals are straight employed by the touristry industry in Zanzibar, of whom about 4,400 individuals ( 76 % ) are employed in the hotel/guest houses sub-sector. The balance is employed in tourer eating houses, tourer stores, land circuit operators, air hoses ( state-owned and private ) , the Commission for Tourism and other tourism-related authorities sections or as tour ushers. In add-on to those straight employed in the touristry sector, there are many more-perhaps, as many once more, who derive portion or all of their employment from providing goods or services to hotels, eating houses, etc, or who otherwise benefit from the disbursement of individuals who are straight or indirectly employed in touristry. Therefore, entire tourism-generated employment in Zanzibar cou ld soon be in the order of 37,000 occupations or full-time occupation equivalents. This figure should farther increase to around 48,000 occupations by 2021, if, as is hoped, the touristry sector returns to a way of sustained growing. Indeed, Zanzibar Vision 2020 envisages that every bit much as 50 % of all occupations in the modern sector could be provided in touristry and the free zones by 2020. Zanzibar Growth Strategy ( 2007 ) has accorded touristry as one among the three lead sectors of the economic system. In recent old ages the economic growing in Zanzibar has been driven by the increasing part and growing of the service sector, ( including touristry ) which represents up to 43 per centum of GDP ( 2006 ) .According to Zanzibar Youth Employment Action Plan ( 2007 ) , arque the employment in touristry sector they believed to use 56,000 people most of them in hotel operations of which 60 % are Zanzibari young person. They are largely engaged in edifice of the hotel and other substructure every bit good as in services such as circuit guiding, transit and hotel services. The potency is still at that place, and the authorities hopes more people particularly youth with farther be employed in this sector. 2.3.5 Contribution to authorities grosss The touristry sector makes a significant part to authorities grosss through the broad scope of fees, licences and revenue enhancements levied on the sector. While precise figures are non yet available, it is estimated that for 2001 grosss from the touristry sector amounted to some Tsh. 8 billion, stand foring about fifth part of entire authorities grosss in that twelvemonth. By 2012, this part could increase to Tshs 21 billion. A strong instance can be made for returning a certain fixed per centum of these grosss to the ZCT for touristry development and publicity. ( Indicative touristry maestro program concluding report,2003 ) 2.3.6 Investing Since the mid-1980s, a sum of $ 57 million has been invested in hotel and touristry undertakings installations by the Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency ( ZIPA ) , plus a farther $ 6.6 million in 214 smaller touristry undertakings facilitated by the Commission for Tourism. ( URT, ( 2005 ) ) 2.4 Opportunity and Challenges of Tourism in Zanzibar 2.4.1 Assistance for Small and Medium-sized touristry Enterprises ( SME s ) ( Jamieson W et Al, 2004 ) Small and Medium-sized Enterprises ( SME ) face a figure of obstructions both in footings of their original constitution every bit good as in their on-going operations There must be acknowledgment that the small-scale touristry related concerns can hold an of import impact on poorness decrease. In many states there is a deficiency of entree to proficient expertness and recognition at sensible involvement rates due to which many new concerns find it hard to obtain the necessary capital to get down. Governments should back up the creative activity of touristry oriented little and moderate-sized endeavors. Policies should be designed to help the hapless in the development of endeavors or in some instances support the development of an endeavor with employment of the hapless as its cardinal focal point. What are required are micro-credit financess to be used by both the formal and informal sectors. Steering endeavors, bike rental operations, little eating house s, retail operations run intoing the diverse demands of the tourer, the creative activity of little transit outfits and supplying adjustment are a few illustrations of SMEs that can be created. The adjustment concern provides several chances for poorness decrease. Initially development can be in the signifier of a homestay where a part of a home is rehabilitated to run into the adjustment demands of tourers. This can be expanded perchance into a stand-alone small-scale hostel or Lodge. Very frequently the capital spending is minimum, but there is a clear demand for proficient expertness and entree to little sums of money to finance building and the purchase of equipment. Governments should be concerned with supplying capacity edifice, assisting in the development of concern programs, supplying recognition through its ain financess and most significantly supplying advice to small-scale endeavors. ( Jamieson W et Al, 2004 ) Harmonizing to Olomi D ( 2006 ) a host of jobs make it hard for SMEs to work the bing potencies for farther employment and wealth creative activity. One of the most serious hindrances is the limited capacity of people who start and operate the concerns, in footings of the attitudes, motive, exposure, accomplishments and experiences. This capacity restriction exacerbates the effects of other jobs including a cumbrous regulative model, limited entree to finance and working premises. At the same clip, services related to entrepreneurship development are developing and non readily available or low-cost to SMEs. The establishments and associations back uping SMEs are weak, disconnected uncoordinated. Their services are rather basic, chiefly concentrating on assisting the hapless eke out a life. There are barely any enterprises for targeted, comprehensive and sustained support specifically to ease upward mobility of micro and little endeavors. As a consequence of the above state of affairs , the bulk of little endeavors have for good remained micro and informal, restricting their entree to markets and some support services, quality of occupations created by them, their capacity to pay revenue enhancements and finally poverty decrease at the grass root degree. This state of affairs is likely to decline as competition intensifies with the on-going globalization. 2.4.2 Local people benefits Harmonizing to the Zanzibar touristry policy statement ( n/d ) the quality of local people is life can be determined the development of touristry due to the undermentioned grounds: The enjoyment of the most visitants every bit far as resident population was interested due to development of the touristry in the state. Beachs is more interested country in touristry sectors, for the benefit of local people in Zanzibar beaches is a public ownership As we know local stuffs are more attractive in touristry hence RoGZ promote the industrialisation and/ or creative person to utilize locally available stuffs and non from the exterior, this means that the local concern creates mechanism for proficient aid. The RoGZ gives the precedence and/or chance to local occupants for all occupations connected with touristry sectors. Finally the community financess benefited by development of touristry in restricted small towns, with terrible systems and confidence intelligibility with stakeholders. 2.4.3 Minimizing escape When tourer merchandise comes from outside Zanzibar in touristry sectors becomes the loss of income in the state this means a escape ( Zanzibar touristry policy statement ( n/d ) ) . To guarantee the concern encourages to maximise local content as a vital, the visitants consume locally goods and services to do certain the foreign currency remained in the state therefore the merchandise, services and points from local people is sold to tourers. For the intent of minimising the escape the undermentioned schemes must be considered: Establishing the full internal control in any beginning of market and all payments made by tourer outside Zanzibar will be taxed sing the competitory market value of services provided. The Ministry of Trade encourags and wagess the programme such as circuit operators, tour steering and hotel sectors in assorted countries such as ( furniture, fabrics/sewing etc ) this activities should see the benefit of the state. ( Zanzibar touristry policy statement ( n/d ) ) . 2.5 Challenges of Tourism in Zanzibar 2.5.1 Infrastructure: There are missing the figure of air hoses serving, and internal services such as conveyance and public-service corporations ( H2O and electricity ) . 2.5.2 Degeneration ( impairment ) of rock town: Unique edifices of cultural values re-maining unchanged and without proper care, increasing usage of drugs among the young persons in Stone Town and beaches which has become a security menace to tourers. 2.5.3 Banking every bit good as fiscal services: In Zanzibar touristry there are ledge lacking international banking installations to do available in support of turning touristry activities, including insurance services and a fiscal aid programme for both domestic and foreign investors. 2.5.4 Extreme seasonality form: In touristry, the low season is the month of May which is the rainy season, with tourer reachings top outing in August and December/January ( European summer and Christmas vacations ) . 2.5.5 Over- trust ( assurance ) on a little figure of arising markets: With about 70 % of tourer reachings from Europe and 43 % from Italy, usually there is a hazard of cardinal markets and can be affected by external events, such as an economic declained every bit good as political events, a high bulk of reachings will be lost. In order to avoid such a scenario hazard must be minimized. ( Steck B, et Al ( 2010 ) ) 2.6 Empirical LITERATURE REVIEW Jennifer et Al ( 2003 ) in China the ICT and internet bit by bit changed the touristry industry twenty-four hours after yearss. In order to analyze the impact of ICT applications in the touristry industry must hold used the bing theoretical frame work on ICT and e-tourism developments in other countries of the universe like Europe and American. Its agencies that they have been fantastic development at the targeted degrees in the latest old ages, hence Internet and Intranet have been incorporated their executing process and accomplished the strategy more efficient and efficaciously. The outgrowth of the new media engineering such as cyberspace, universe broad web, e-commerce, e-business that provide a broad scope of online concern activities reshaped the touristry into new signifier as e-tourism. Harmonizing to. ( Karmer and Derick, 1992 ) as cited in Shanker ( 2008 ) In Africa e-tourism enables the concern to make the bringing of the merchandise straight to the consumers through Information Communication Technology, due to that ICT the tourer lodges, International hotels even if the authoritiess use the web site for advancing particular characteristics, booking order, advancing touristry activities, for the intent of pulling more tourers. ( Karmer and Derick, 1992 ) as cited in Shanker ( 2008 ) Not merely pull more tourer but besides increase efficiency and effectivity in market house to the developing countries.Finally its improved the concern civilization, cost nest eggs and decreases in the stock list cost which taking to the better direction public presentation. Besides they contributes the concern chances to inceased trade and investing in relation between ICT development and economic growing. ( Karmer and Derick, 1992 ) as cited in Shanker ( 2008 ) Nielinger ( 2003 ) survey look intoing the ICT-utilization of little and average Enterprises ( SMEs ) in Tanzania. From his survey, he found that ICT is under-utilized and most of the SMEs use nomadic phone as a freshly available and cheapest engineering to better their concern state of affairs with regard to basic telecommunication services. However, the ICT applications such as World Wide Web and internet use high spots the laterality of email use in Internet communications and electronic mail traffic suggests that computing machine based communications progressively play an of import function in concern, particularly to function the clients, who receive about 30 % of all electronic mails sent. 2.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The SMEs consciousness of the ICT usage is really important facet. The house before following the ICT there is a demand to analyse from the resources possessed, the capablenesss development, the competences attained and the competitory advantage either if they are sustained or non. The touristry SMEs require the on-going committedness, engagement and should be good prepared with the acceptance of the ICT. The acceptance of ICT is a competitory advantage to tourism SMEs as the consequence of both planetary forces and internal demands of the touristry SMEs. As the touristry SMEs want to be good known globally, it becomes imperative to utilize intensively the ICT. The ICT application is besides important when the touristry SMEs want to ease the operational and administrative maps. The pre-requisite in order the ICT to take attempt consequently depends on the usage to make enabling environment such as the competitory concern environment and preparedness to utilize the ICT. The competitor y environment is the lone attack that will guarantee that ICT services and system give the SMEs a competitory border. In fact, the ICT is a new intercrossed sector and it is a complex in footings of its utilizations, seashore, cognition and accomplishments. It is non a affair of ICT making chances and alteration but requires a batch of expertness, a batch of money and really advanced accomplishments. The touristry industry should be good equipped with the competent Human Resources in the cognition of ICT and overall Management. Those competent forces should be volitionally to hold uninterrupted larning as ICT has the inclination of altering so fast sometimes faster than persons can get by or alter. The entree to the touristry SMEs to obtained sustainable competitory advantage is associated with the entree of the new information, cut downing production costs, concern dealing costs and supports the clients ( tourer ) satisfaction. The clients can be satisfied to their touristry demands and wants easy with minimal cost in footings of money or clip at on-line basses. By and large, ICT is of import in d etermination devising procedure. It assists in hive awaying and recovering informations rapidly ; help in supplying seasonably informations that is tracking the job when it occurs and ability to present information in different formats. 2.8 Summary of the chapter In by and large this chapter was discussed the literature reappraisal of the survey by looking the definitions of the footings and constructs in relation of this survey, importance of Small Medium Enterprises ( SME s ) and the acceptance of Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) by Small Medium Enterprises ( SME s ) .Not merely that the research worker looked on public presentation of touristry in Small and Medium Enterprises ( SME s ) but besides the chance and challenges of touristry in Zanzibar. Through ICTs the touristry organisations have performed in efficient and cost effectual manner to construct their capacity in effectual manner, increase the consciousness and publicity in newspapres, magazine, websites either internally or through spouses. Further more this chapter discussed empirical literature reappraisal and conceptual frame work in relation to tourism state of affairs. Chapter THREE 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Therefore Chapter high spots on the research design that was used, country of the survey, population of the survey, sample choice methods and size, informations aggregation methods, cogency and dependability, ethical issues and analysis methods that were used. Besides this survey its involves selected staff in random samples from Zanzibar Commission of Tourism, Managers/Supervisor of selected hotels, and International Tourist that was willing in this survey, and could be gender sensitive in the choice of respondents to guarantee that both work forces and adult females take part. 3.2 Research design The pick of a research design is determined by the nature of the job and the method of informations aggregation employed. Research design is a systematic program of what is to be done, how it will be done, and how the information will be collected and analyzed Kothari ( 2008 ) . Besides harmonizing to ( Selltiz et al. ( 1962:50 ) as cited in Kothari ( 1990 ) ) A research design is the agreement of conditions for aggregation and analysis of informations in a mode that aims to unite relevancy to the research intent with economic system in process The design which was employed in this survey is descriptive study. Descriptive study is the method of roll uping information by questioning or administrating a questionnaire to a sample of persons and it involves measuring, categorization, analysis, comparing, and reading of informations ( Kerlinger, 1973 ) . Rationale for the choice of study method is that the study allows the usage of multiple methods, and with it, it is easier to reach respondents. Questionnaires will be prepared with inquiries designed to roll up the information on the effectivity of the ICT in touristry Small Medium Enterprises in their daily operations in Zanzibar. 3.3 Population and sample The targeted population for this survey was hotels in Unguja Island which are licensed and lawfully registered by Zanzibar Commission for Tourism. The survey sample was carried out taking into consideration the figure of hotels present in the country, the distribution of the sample, clip continuance and resource available. The field research was conducted for Hotels with a figure of employees runing from 1 to 99. 3.4 Sample size In order to obtain representative sample, simple random trying method was employed and this enabled the research worker to give each respondent an equal opportunity of being selected therefore could be minimising prejudice in the research. ( Kothari, 1990 ) . Harmonizing to that, the survey involved 55 respondents of which 13 were Manager/Supervisors of random selected hotels, 40 international tourers that are willing to take portion, and staying 2 the staff of Zanzibar Commission for Tourism. These methods ensured that correct and dependable information was obtained from relevant respondents as supported by ( Mugenda A ; Mugenda 2003 ) . 3.5 Data aggregation methods and processs Datas were collected from two chief beginnings primary and secondary. Primary informations are those informations which are collected the first clip, and happens to be original in character, on the other manus secondary informations are those informations which have already collected, and usually have been passed through the statistical procedure. In primary beginning the information obtained through observation, direct communicating with respondents or through forces interviews and questionnaires. Secondary beginnings included relevant paperss and studies. The research worker usage both of the two attacks at the same clip which enables to acquire relevant information refering the survey. ( Kothari, 1990:95 ) . 3.6 Questionnaires The research worker prepared and presented the questionnaires with precisely the same phrasing, same order to all respondents, in order to guarantee all respondents reply to the same set of inquiries. ( Kothari 1990:100-101 ) The research worker employed questionnaires to obtain informations, which could non be obtained through interviews. The purpose of such questionnaires was to acquire the general and specific information sing the function of ICT in touristry SMEs. Operation, so the research worker will be prepares three different inquiries for the three different respondents. Verbal 3.7 Interview This method of roll uping informations involves face to confront communicating and answer in footings of spoken responses. This method can be used through personal interviews every bit good as telephone interviews. The research worker usage this method because it provide a safes, besides it s required less accomplishments for interviewer every bit good as more economical. ( Kothari, 1990:98 ) In this method the research worker needed to cognize the usage of ICT and the overall development of touristry industry in Zanzibar. Therefore the information about the challenges, chances and overall concern of the authorities on the impact of ICT toward hotels productiveness and public presentation was being obtained from Zanzibar Commission of Tourism. 3.8 Document reappraisal Datas were besides collected by utilizing documental reappraisal. The paperss may be hardcopy or softcopy ( electronic transcript ) , which include studies, plan logs, public presentation evaluations, meeting proceedingss, newssheets and selling stuffs. Reviewing the bing paperss helped the research worker to understand the history, doctrine and operation of the plan that evaluated and the organisation in which it operates. ( CDC,2009 ) During this method the research worker employed to acquire secondary informations largely from Zanzibar Commission for touristry, Zanzibar circuit Guide, and different touristry sectors besides to finding the truth of the paperss the research worker may affect comparing the paperss that contained similar information, by look intoing the information against the other information that will be collected, and eventually if possible to talking with people that will be involved in the development of the papers ( CDC,2009 ) In order to obtain the bing information in SME s heightening the function of ICT in touristry operation it s better for roll uping that sort of informations. 3.9 Data analysis technique The analysis of information was both qualitative and quantitative technique. Quantitative technique was captured, the structured questionnaires, interviews, and focused group treatment and analyzed by utilizing Exel and SPSS methods. While Qualitative technique historical reappraisal, and analyzed by utilizing tax write-offs and initiation s methods. From the above mentioned beginnings the research worker used the sensible instrument, whereby the information will be edited to be in a place to place mistakes and skip ( if any ) followed by coding and categorization. 3.10 Validity and dependability of informations To guarantee dependability and cogency of informations, the questionnaires were used in pre-tested. The research worker was direct a few questionnaires as a pilot, so that ill-defined inquiries are corrected to guarantee accurate and consistent informations are collected. 3.11 Ethical consideration Under this survey, the research worker considered all the moralss involved and informed the respondents about the purpose/ importance of the survey and assured them of confidentiality. All the information that could hold led to psychological anguish and injury were concealed in order to protect and esteem the self-respect of the respondents in the field. 3.12 Summary of the chapter This chapter discussed about the reseach design and methodologies.Area of the survey, population of the survey every bit good as sample size.Data aggregation method and process that involved questionnaire, interview and other informations through ZCT web site every bit good as assorted literature review.The cogency and dependability of informations, ethical consideration and informations analysis technique was besides discussed in this chapter. Chapter FOUR 4.0 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 4.1 Introduction This chapter contains presentation of findings from chief informations beginning ( field study ) and therefore presentation is based on the research objectives. This means that findings in relation to the function of ICT in heightening touristry s SME s operation. The information visual aspect in this chapter is done qualitatively and quantitatively. The chapter begins by giving response rates from questionnaires and the profile of the respondents, precise reading and eventually a treatment of the findings. In the survey, the research worker sampled and administered 55 respondents. Out of 55 respondents 53 of them the research worker administered by questionnaire, while the staying 2 respondents were interviewed. The figure of administered by questionnaire include Managers/Supervisor of selected hotels, the International touristry, and staying 2 staff from Zanzibar Commission for Tourism were interviewed. The research worker used these methods in order to come up with findings. The distributions of questionnaire are shown in table below. Table: 2 Response rate analyses Respondents Questions given Questions Return Percentages of return Managers/Supervisors 13 11 21.15 % International Tourism 40 39 75 % Staffs ZCT 2 2 3.85 Entire 55 52 100 % Beginning: Field study informations ( 2012 ) The above informations are shown in the figure below: Fig 1: Distribution of inquirers Beginning: Field Survey informations ( 2012 ) From the above informations, observed that 53 transcripts of questionnaires were distributed to respondents and merely 50 transcripts were returned, which is tantamount to 94.34 % while 3, transcripts remained in the field which tantamount to 5.66 % . The research worker could non for several times run into the respondents due to the clip frame for roll uping informations have elapsed. On the other manus on the side of interview were conducted with all 2 respondents who were subjected to these methods, which equivalent to 100 % 4.2 Features of respondents 4.2.1 Gender During informations aggregation the respondents were asked to click their appropriate gender during the survey process.Table 3 illustrates the sum-up of the gender of respondents for those who answer the questionner in International Tourist as shown below Table 3 Gender of respondents Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Male 21 53.8 53.8 53.8 Female 18 46.2 46.2 100.0 Entire 39 100.0 100.0 Souce: Field Survey informations ( 2012 ) On the side of International Tourist the gender issue was considered in this survey, 53.8 % of respondents were males while females formed 46.2 % of respondents. On the other manus 63.6 % of the Manager/Supervisors of the selected hotel were males while 36.4 % were female as shown in table 3 below Table 3 Gender of respondents Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Male 7 63.6 63.6 63.6 Female 4 36.4 36.4 100.0 Entire 11 100.0 100.0 Souce: Field Survey informations ( 2012 ) The statistics shows that there is big figure of respondents ( 56 % ) while female is about 22, which is tantamount to 44 % out of the entire respondent in the field analysis. 4.2.2 Age Patterns of the Respondents Age group of respondents was besides one of the facets in the demographic features of respondents. Respondents were asked to click their relevant age interval as indicated in table 4 Table 4 ( a ) Age forms of the respondents Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Under 21years 6 15.4 15.4 15.4 21-30years 13 33.3 33.3 48.7 31-40years 10 25.6 25.6 74.4 41-50years 8 20.5 20.5 94.9 Over 50years 2 5.1 5.1 100.0 Entire 39 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Field study informations ( 2012 ) This analysis shows 33.3 % of the respondents in the age about 21-30years for the instance of the International Tourist and the average age are about 2.67 while the standard divergence is about 1.132 out of the 39 responded as shown below in fig 2 Beginning: Field study informations ( 2012 ) Age group of respondents was besides one of the facets in the demographic features of respondents as shown but for the instance of the selected Manager in different hotel as shown below in Table 3.1 ( B ) Table ( 4b ) Age Patterns of the Respondents Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid 21-30 old ages 2 18.2 18.2 18.2 31-40years 3 27.3 27.3 45.5 41-50years 3 27.3 27.3 72.7 Over 50years 3 27.3 27.3 100.0 Entire 11 100.0 100.0 Souce: Field study informations ( 2012 ) On the other manus the analysis for the Manager/Supervisor of the selected hotel shows 27.3 % of the respondents in the randomly age about 31-40years,41-50years and others over 50years and the mean ages are about 3.64 while the standard divergence is about 1.12 out of the 11 responded as shown fig 2b below Field study informations 2012 4.3 Types and category of the hotels Harmonizing to the survey, the types and category of the hotels surveyed, react select the classs others which represent Boutique hotels that represented the largest per centum of respondents ( 54.5 % ) followed by Bungalows hotels which covered 27.3 % of the respondents. 36.4 % of the hotels belong to three stars category, followed by one and two star which about contains 18.2 % and besides the same per centum remains silence i.e. no respond at all. The tabular array 4 below analysis the findings in elaborate. Table 5: Types and category of the hotel Types of Hotels Class of Hotel Types of Hotels Frequency Percentage No. of Stars Frequency Percentage Epicurean hotel 1 9.1 One star 2 18.2 Retreat hotel 1 9.1 Two stars 2 18.2 Bungalows 3 27.3 Three stars 4 36.4 Others 6 54.5 Four stars 1 9.1 No respond No respond 2 18.2 Entire 11 100 Entire 11 100 Beginning: Field study ( 2012 ) 4.4 The clip continuance in the hotel place The analysis shows that the respond who had one to two old ages of working contained 36.4 % directors, while 27.3 % directors had less than one twelvemonth of working experience, besides 18.2 % all directors who had the experience of 10 and above, but all in all the analysis found the three to five old ages and the six to nine old ages has equal working experiences its about 9.1 % Table 5 below explains the findings in inside informations. Table 6: Time continuance in the hotel place Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Less than one twelvemonth 3 27.3 27.3 27.3 One Two old ages 4 36.4 36.4 63.6 Three Five old ages 1 9.1 9.1 72.7 Six -Nine old ages 1 9.1 9.1 90.9 Ten-and above 2 18.2 18.2 100.0 Entire 11 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Field Survey ( 2012 ) Harmonizing to analysis there are some fluctuation of working experience in this survey in a big spread, this means that most of the hotels in Zanzibar had no policy of retaining staffs in their jobs/ place of work but the lone thing that there are in appropriate motive bundles to keep the possible employees. The mean and standard divergence of the working experience as shown in the fig 3 below of the whole directors of the selected hotels was 2.45 and 1.368. The figure 3 below illustrates the field informations in histogram for more account. Fig 3: Time continuance in the hotel place Beginning: Field study ( 2012 ) 4.5 ICT reactivity and operation The chief mark of this portion to demo in what extent the hotel prioritise the usage of ICT by fact-finding different ICT tools and its applications besides the degree of the employees to be cognizant with the use of ICT installations like cyberspace and web site in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operation. The effect of touristry fabrication to busy into professional and competent ICT staff was besides investigated. Not merely that but besides the handiness of holding ICT unit/department updating the system and the budgeting to back up ICT systems were among the issues have been examined. 4.6 Prioritization of ICT utilized The analyses of the extent of hotel prioritize the usage of ICT in Tourism SME s operation indicates that 63.6 % response argues as the of import, while 27.3 % of response agreed to be Highly of import and merely 9.1 % disagreed as illustrated in item in table 6 below. Table 7: Prioritize the usage of ICT in hotel Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Accumulative Percentage Valid Highly of import 3 27.3 27.3 27.3 Important 7 63.6 63.6 90.9 Less of import 1 9.1 9.1 100.0 Entire 11 100.0 100.0 Beginning: Field Survey ( 2012 ) Harmonizing to this analysis the tourer owner should be cognizant of ICT operation and besides should be known how to use it efficaciously for the intents of sustain the client satisfaction. In order

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